Blood processing unit with modified flow path

ABSTRACT

A blood processing apparatus may include a heat exchanger and a gas exchanger. At least one of the heat exchanger and the gas exchanger may be configured to impart a radial component to blow flow through the heat exchanger and/or gas exchanger. The heat exchanger may be configured to cause blood flow to follow a spiral flow path.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No.16/203,483, filed Nov. 28, 2018, which is a continuation of U.S.application Ser. No. 15/215,527, filed Jul. 20, 2016, now U.S. Pat. No.10,159,777, which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No.14/156,937, filed Jan. 16, 2014, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,402,943, which is acontinuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 13/753,638, filed Jan. 30,2013, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,652,406, which is a continuation of U.S.application Ser. No. 12/860,062, filed Aug. 20, 2010, now U.S. Pat. No.8,394,049, which claims priority to European Application No.EP10173436.6, filed Aug. 19, 2010, under 35 U.S.C. § 119, all of whichare herein incorporated by reference in their entireties.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The disclosure pertains generally to blood processing units used inblood perfusion systems.

BACKGROUND

Blood perfusion entails encouraging blood through the vessels of thebody. For such purposes, blood perfusion systems typically entail theuse of one or more pumps in an extracorporeal circuit that isinterconnected with the vascular system of a patient. Cardiopulmonarybypass surgery typically requires a perfusion system that provides forthe temporary cessation of the heart to create a still operating fieldby replacing the function of the heart and lungs. Such isolation allowsfor the surgical correction of vascular stenosis, valvular disorders,and congenital heart defects. In perfusion systems used forcardiopulmonary bypass surgery, an extracorporeal blood circuit isestablished that includes at least one pump and an oxygenation device toreplace the functions of the heart and lungs.

More specifically, in cardiopulmonary bypass procedures oxygen-poorblood, i.e., venous blood, is gravity-drained or vacuum suctioned from alarge vein entering the heart or other veins in the body (e.g., femoral)and is transferred through a venous line in the extracorporeal circuit.The venous blood is pumped to an oxygenator that provides for oxygentransfer to the blood. Oxygen may be introduced into the blood bytransfer across a membrane or, less frequently, by bubbling oxygenthrough the blood. Concurrently, carbon dioxide is removed across themembrane. The oxygenated blood is filtered and then returned through anarterial line to the aorta, femoral artery, or other artery.

SUMMARY

Example 1 is a blood processing apparatus including a housing having ablood inlet and a blood outlet, the blood inlet extending into aninterior of the housing. A heat exchanger core is arranged coaxiallywithin the housing, the heat exchanger core including an outer surfaceconfigured to impart a radial blood flow component and a core aperturein fluid communication with the blood inlet and configured to permitblood to pass from the blood inlet to an exterior of the heat exchangercore. Heat exchanger hollow fibers are disposed about the heat exchangercore such that a heat exchanger fluid may flow through the heatexchanger hollow fibers and blood passing from the core aperture mayflow across the heat exchanger hollow fibers. A cylindrical shellextends coaxially about the heat exchanger core, the cylindrical shellincluding an annular shell aperture disposed near an end of thecylindrical shell opposite to an end near which the core aperture islocated, the annular shell aperture configured to permit blood to passto an exterior of the cylindrical shell. Gas exchanger hollow fibers aredisposed about the cylindrical shell such that gases may flow throughthe gas exchange hollow fibers and blood passing from the annular shellaperture may flow across the gas exchanger hollow fibers.

In Example 2, the blood processing apparatus of Example 1 in which theouter surface of the heat exchanger core includes one or more radiallydisposed core ribs configured to impart a radial component to blood flowacross the heat exchanger hollow fibers.

In Example 3, the blood processing apparatus of Example 1 or Example 2in which the cylindrical shell includes an inner surface upon which oneor more radially disposed shell ribs are disposed, the one or moreradially disposed shell ribs configured to impart a radial component toblood flow trajectory across the heat exchanger hollow fibers.

In Example 4, the blood processing apparatus of any of Examples 1-3 inwhich the heat exchanger core includes a conical deflection surface thatis disposed between the blood inlet and the core aperture, the conicaldeflection surface imparting a radial component to blood flow trajectoryleaving the core aperture.

In Example 5, the blood processing apparatus of any of Examples 1-4 inwhich the housing includes an inner surface upon which one or moreradially disposed housing ribs are disposed, the one or more radiallydisposed housing ribs configured to impart a radial component to bloodflow trajectory across the gas exchanger hollow fibers.

In Example 6, the blood processing apparatus of Example 1 in which thecore aperture includes a pair of core apertures disposed about 180degrees apart, and the annular shell aperture includes a pair of shellapertures that are disposed about 180 degrees apart and radially offsetfrom the pair of core apertures in order to alter blood flow trajectoryof the blood flowing across the heat exchanger hollow fibers.

In Example 7, the blood processing apparatus of any of Examples 1-6,further including a first end cap secured to the housing, the bloodinlet being integrally formed with the first end cap.

In Example 8, the blood processing apparatus of Example 7, furtherincluding a gas inlet integrally formed with the first end cap, the gasinlet in fluid communication with an interior of the gas exchangerhollow fibers.

In Example 9, the blood processing apparatus of any of Examples 1-8,further including a second end cap secured to the housing, the secondend cap including a heat exchanger fluid inlet integrally formed withthe second end cap and a heat exchanger fluid outlet integrally formedwith the second end cap, the heat exchanger fluid inlet and outlet eachin fluid communication with an interior of the heat exchanger hollowfibers.

In Example 10, the blood processing apparatus of Example 9, furtherincluding a gas outlet integrally formed with the second end cap, thegas outlet in fluid communication with an interior of the gas exchangerhollow fibers.

Example 11 is blood processing apparatus including a housing having ablood inlet and a blood outlet, the blood inlet extending into aninterior of the housing. A heat exchanger core is disposed within thehousing and in operative communication with the blood inlet, the heatexchanger core including an exterior surface and a core aperture influid communication with the blood inlet and configured to permit bloodto pass from the blood inlet to an exterior of the heat exchanger core.Heat exchanger hollow fibers are disposed about the heat exchanger coresuch that a heat exchanger fluid may flow through the heat exchangerhollow fibers and blood passing from the core aperture may flow acrossthe heat exchanger hollow fibers. The heat exchanger core includes oneor more radially disposed ribs configured to impart a radial componentto blood flow across the heat exchanger hollow fibers. A cylindricalshell extends coaxially about the heat exchanger core, the cylindricalshell including an annular shell aperture disposed near an end of thecylindrical shell opposite to an end near which the core aperture islocated, the annular shell aperture configured to permit blood to passto an exterior of the cylindrical shell. Gas exchanger hollow fibers aredisposed about the cylindrical shell such that gases may flow throughthe gas exchange hollow fibers and blood passing from the annular shellaperture may flow across the gas exchanger hollow fibers. One or moreribs are radially disposed on an outer surface of the cylindrical shell,the one or more radially disposed ribs configured to impart a radialcomponent to blood flow across the gas exchanger hollow fibers.

In Example 12, the blood processing apparatus of Example 11 in which thecylindrical shell includes an inner surface upon which one or moreradially disposed shell ribs are disposed, the one or more radiallydisposed shell ribs configured to impart a radial component to bloodflow trajectory across the heat exchanger hollow fibers.

In Example 13, the blood processing apparatus of Example 11 or Example12 in which the heat exchanger core includes a conical deflectionsurface disposed between the blood inlet and the core aperture, theconical deflection surface imparting a radial component to blood flowtrajectory leaving the core aperture.

In Example 14, the blood processing apparatus of any of Examples 11-13in which the housing includes an inner surface upon which one or moreradially disposed housing ribs are disposed, the one or more radiallydisposed housing ribs configured to impart a radial component to bloodflow trajectory across the gas exchanger hollow fibers.

In Example 15, the blood processing apparatus of any of Examples 11-14,further including one or more radially disposed ribs that are disposedon an inner surface of the cylindrical shell and configured to impart aradial component to blood flow trajectory across the heat exchangerhollow fibers.

In Example 16, the blood processing apparatus of any of Examples 11-15,further including one or more radially disposed ribs that are disposedon an inner surface of the housing and configured to impart a radialcomponent to blood flow trajectory across the gas exchanger hollowfibers.

Example 17 is a blood processing apparatus that includes a housinghaving a blood inlet extending into an interior of the housing and ablood outlet. A heat exchanger core extends coaxially within the housingand is axially aligned with the blood inlet. The heat exchanger coreincludes a pair of core apertures that are disposed about 180 degreesapart and that are configured to permit blood to pass from the bloodinlet to an exterior of the heat exchanger core. Heat exchanger hollowfibers are disposed about the heat exchanger core such that a heatexchanger fluid may flow through the heat exchanger hollow fibers andblood passing from the core aperture may flow across the heat exchangerhollow fibers. A cylindrical shell extends coaxially about the heatexchanger core and includes a pair of shell apertures that are disposedabout 180 degrees apart and that are radially offset from the pair ofcore apertures in order to cause a spiral blood flow through the heatexchanger hollow fibers. The blood processing apparatus includes gasexchanger hollow fibers that are disposed about the cylindrical shellsuch that gases may flow through the gas exchange hollow fibers andblood passing from the annular shell aperture may flow across the gasexchanger hollow fibers.

In Example 18, the blood processing apparatus of Example 17 in which thepair of shell apertures are disposed near an end of the cylindricalshell opposite to an end near where the pair of core apertures islocated.

In Example 19, the blood processing apparatus of Examples 17 or 18wherein at least one of the heat exchanger hollow fibers and the gasexchanger hollow fibers are made from a polymer material.

While multiple embodiments are disclosed, still other embodiments of thepresent invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art fromthe following detailed description, which shows and describesillustrative embodiments of the invention. Accordingly, the drawings anddetailed description are to be regarded as illustrative in nature andnot restrictive.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a schematic illustration of a blood processing apparatus inaccordance with an embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 2 is an illustration of a first end cap in accordance with anembodiment of the invention.

FIG. 3 is an illustration of a second end cap in accordance with anembodiment of the invention.

FIG. 4 is a perspective illustration of a heat exchanger core inaccordance with an embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 5A is a perspective view of a cylindrical shell forming a barrierbetween a heat exchanger and a gas exchanger in accordance with anembodiment of the invention.

FIG. 5B is a cross-sectional view of the cylindrical shell of FIG. 5A.

FIG. 6 is a perspective view of the heat exchanger core of FIG. 4disposed within the cylindrical shell of FIG. 5.

FIG. 7 is a cross-sectional view of the blood processing apparatus ofFIG. 1.

FIG. 8 is a cross-sectional illustration of a blood processing apparatusin accordance with an embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 9 is a cross-sectional illustration of a blood processing apparatusin accordance with an embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 10 is a cross-sectional illustration of a blood processingapparatus in accordance with an embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 11 is a diagram illustrating blood flow paths in the bloodprocessing apparatus of FIG. 10.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The disclosure pertains to a blood processing apparatus that, accordingto various exemplary embodiments, includes one or more of a heatexchanger and a gas exchanger (also commonly referred to as anoxygenator). In some embodiments, the term oxygenator may be used torefer to an integrated structure that combines a heat exchanger and agas exchanger in a unitary device. In various embodiments, for example,the heat exchanger and gas exchanger are disposed in a concentricfashion with one component located inside of the other component.According to other embodiments, the heat exchanger and gas exchanger arestructurally distinct structures operable coupled to each other. In someembodiments, an oxygenator may be used in an extracorporeal bloodcircuit. An extracorporeal blood circuit, such as may be used in abypass procedure, may include several different elements such as aheart-lung machine, a blood reservoir, as well as an oxygenator.

FIG. 1 is a schematic illustration of a blood processing apparatus oroxygenator 10. While the internal components are not visible in thisillustration, the oxygenator 10 may include one or more of a heatexchanger and a gas exchanger. According to some embodiments, the heatexchanger and the gas exchanger are integrated into a single structurethat forms an oxygenator housing. The oxygenator 10 includes a housing12, a first end cap 14 that is secured to the housing 12 and a secondend cap 16 that is secured to the housing 12. In some embodiments, thehousing 12 may include other structure that enables attachment of thehousing 12 to other devices. While the housing 12 is illustrated aslargely cylindrical in shape, in some embodiments, the housing 12 mayhave a rectangular or other parallelogram cross-sectional shape. Each ofthe heat exchanger and the gas exchanger may have generally the samesectional shape or each may have a different sectional shape. In someembodiments, the heat exchanger may be inside the gas exchanger while inother embodiments the gas exchanger may be located within the heatexchanger. In some embodiments, the heat exchanger and the gas exchangermay be concentric.

In some embodiments, a blood inlet 18 extends into the housing 12 and ablood outlet 20 exits the housing 12. As noted, in some embodiments theblood processing apparatus 10 includes a gas exchanger and thus mayinclude a gas inlet 22 and a gas outlet 24. In some embodiments, theblood processing apparatus 10 includes a heat exchanger and thus mayinclude a heat exchanger fluid inlet 26 and a heat exchanger fluidoutlet 28 that is behind (in the illustrated orientation) the heatingfluid inlet 26. In some embodiments, the heat exchanger fluid inlet 26may be disposed at one end of the housing 12 while the heat exchangerfluid outlet 28 may be disposed at an opposite end of the housing 12. Insome embodiments, the blood processing apparatus 10 may include a purgeport 30 that may be used for purging air bubbles from the interior ofthe blood processing apparatus 10.

The positions of the inlets, outlets and purge port are merelyillustrative, as other arrangements and configurations are contemplated.The purge port may include a valve or a threaded cap. The purge portoperates to permit gases (e.g., air bubbles) that exit the blood to bevented or aspirated and removed from the blood processing apparatus 10.

FIGS. 2 and 3 illustrate the first end cap 14 and the second end cap 16,respectively. The first end cap 14 and the second end cap 16 are eachconfigured to be secured to the housing 12. In some embodiments, thefirst end cap 14 and/or the second end cap 16 may be adhesively securedin place. In some embodiments, the first end cap 14 and/or the secondend cap 16 may be snap-fitted into place or even threaded onto theirrespective ends of the housing 12.

In some embodiments, as shown in FIG. 2, the blood inlet 18 and/or thegas inlet 22 may be integrally formed with the first end cap 14. Forexample, in some cases the first end cap 14 may be injection molded withthe blood inlet 18 and/or the gas inlet 22 formed as part of theinjection molded part. In some embodiments, the first end cap 14 may beformed having apertures to which the blood inlet 18 and/or the gas inlet22 may be attached. The first end cap 14 includes an annular ring 32that is disposed about a periphery of the first end cap 14 and thatserves, in some embodiments, as an attachment point for securing thefirst end cap 14 to the housing 12. In some embodiments, the first endcap 14 also includes an annular ring 34 that, as will be describedsubsequently, locates portions of the heat exchanger.

In some embodiments, as shown in FIG. 3, the heat exchanger fluid inlet26 and/or the heat exchanger fluid outlet 28 may be integrally formedwith the second end cap 16. For example, in some cases the second endcap 16 may be injection molded with the heat exchanger fluid inlet 26and/or the heat exchanger fluid outlet 28 formed as part of theinjection molded part. Similarly, in some embodiments, the second endcap 16 may be injected molded with the gas outlet 24 formed as part ofthe injection molded part. However, in some embodiments, the second endcap 16 may be formed having apertures to which one or more of the heatexchanger fluid inlet 26, the heat exchanger fluid outlet 28 and/or thegas outlet 24 may be attached. The second end cap 16 includes an annularring 36 that is disposed about a periphery of the second end cap 16 andthat serves, in some embodiments, as an attachment point for securingthe second end cap 16 to the housing 12. In some embodiments, the secondend cap 16 also includes an annular ring 38 that, as will be describedsubsequently, locates portions of the heat exchanger.

In some embodiments, one of the heat exchanger fluid inlet 26 and theheat exchanger fluid outlet 28 may be located in the first end cap 14while the other of the heat exchanger fluid inlet 26 and the heatexchanger fluid outlet 28 may be located in the second end cap 16. Insome embodiments, the heat exchanger fluid inlet 26 and outlet 28 may belocated in the first end cap 14. In some embodiments, the heat exchangerfluid inlet 26 and outlet 28 may be located in the second end cap 16.

FIG. 4 is a perspective illustration of a heat exchanger core 40 havinga first end 42 and a second end 44. In some embodiments, as will beillustrated with respect to subsequent drawings, the heat exchanger core40 may be disposed within the blood processing apparatus 10 such thatthe first end 42 is near the first end cap 14 while the second end 44 isnear the second end cap 16. The heat exchanger core 40 includes anannular portion 46 that, in some embodiments, helps to locate the firstend 42 relative to the first end cap 14. Similarly, the second end 44may be configured to help locate the second end 44 relative to thesecond end cap 16.

The heat exchanger core 40 includes a conical deflection surface 48 uponwhich incoming blood from the blood inlet 18 impinges. The conicaldeflection surface 48 deflects the blood in a radial direction. In someembodiments, the conical deflection surface 48 may include a divider 50that assists in directing blood in particular directions. The heatexchanger core 40 includes an outer surface 52. A core aperture 54 isformed within the outer surface 52 such that blood impinging on theconical deflection surface 48 is deflected radially outwardly throughthe core aperture 54. In some embodiments, the heat exchanger core 40may have one, two, three, four or any desired number of core apertures54 spaced radially about the heat exchanger core 40.

In some embodiments, as illustrated, the heat exchanger core 40 includesa first radially disposed core rib 56 and a second radially disposedcore rib 58. In some embodiments, the core ribs (or projections) 56 and58 deflect blood away from the outer surface 52 in a radially-outwarddirection. The core ribs 56 and 58 are designed to impart a radialcomponent to blood flow trajectory. While two core ribs 56 and 58 areillustrated, in some cases the heat exchanger core 40 may include agreater number of core ribs. In some embodiments, the heat exchangercore 40 may also include longitudinally-extending ribs 60 that may serveto promote longitudinal flow paths down the outside of the heatexchanger core 40. According to various embodiments, the ribs 56 and 58extend circumferentially around or substantially around the outersurface of the heat exchanger core 40.

FIG. 5A is a perspective illustration of a cylindrical shell 62 that maybe disposed within the housing 12 and arranged coaxially with the heatexchanger core 40 (see FIG. 6). FIG. 5B is a cross-sectional view of thecylindrical shell 62. The cylindrical shell 62 includes a first end 64and a second end 66. In some embodiments, the cylindrical shell 62 maybe disposed within the housing 12 such that the first end 64 is near thefirst end cap 14 while the second end 66 is near the second end cap 16.

The cylindrical shell 62 includes an outer surface 68. A shell aperture70 is formed within the outer surface 68 such that blood flowing betweenthe outer surface 52 of the heat exchanger core 40 and an inner surface72 of the cylindrical shell 62 can exit the cylindrical shell 62. Insome embodiments, the inner surface 72 of the cylindrical shell 62 mayinclude one or more shell ribs 80 that protrude from the inner surface72 and extend toward the heat exchanger core 40. The one or more shellribs 80 deflect blood away from the inner surface 72 in a radiallyinward direction. In some embodiments, the one or more shell ribs 80may, in combination with the core ribs 56 and 58, interrupt longitudinalblood flow and impart a radial flow component to blood flow through theheat exchanger, i.e., between the outer surface 52 of the heat exchangercore 40 and the inner surface 72 of the cylindrical shell 72. In someembodiments, the heat exchanger core 40 may also include one or morelongitudinally-extending ribs 75 that may serve to promote longitudinalflow paths between the heat exchanger core 40 and the cylindrical shell62.

In some embodiments, the cylindrical shell 62 may have one, two, three,four, five, six or any desired number of shell apertures 70 spacedradially about the cylindrical shell 62. As illustrated in FIG. 6, thecore aperture(s) 54 and the shell aperture(s) 70 are generally disposedat opposite ends of the blood processing apparatus 10. Thus, bloodentering the volume between the outer surface 52 of the heat exchangercore 40 and an inner surface 72 of the cylindrical shell 62 is forced toflow at least substantially the entire length thereof before exiting thecylindrical shell 62.

FIG. 7 is a cross-sectional illustration of an embodiment of the bloodprocessing apparatus 10, illustrating the coaxial arrangement betweenthe housing 12, the heat exchanger core 40 and the cylindrical shell 62.In some embodiments, the blood processing apparatus 10 includes aschematically illustrated heat exchanger element 74 as well as aschematically illustrated gas exchanger element 76.

In some embodiments, the heat exchanger element 74 includes a number ofhollow fibers through which a heating fluid such as water can flow. Theblood may flow around and past the hollow fibers and thus be suitablyheated. In some embodiments, the hollow fibers may be polymeric. In somecases, metallic fibers may be used. According to other embodiments, theheat exchanger element 74 may instead include a metal bellows or otherstructure having a substantial surface area (e.g., fins) forfacilitating heat transfer with the blood. In some embodiments, thehollow fibers may be formed of polyurethane, polyester, or any othersuitable polymer or plastic material. According to various embodiments,the hollow fibers have an outer diameter of between about 0.2 and 1.0millimeters or, more specifically, between about 0.25 and 0.5millimeters. The hollow fibers may be woven into mats that can range,for example, from about 80 to about 200 millimeters in width. In someembodiments, the mats are arranged in a criss-cross configuration.

In some embodiments the gas exchanger element 76 may include a number ofmicroporous hollow fibers through which a gas such as oxygen may flow.The blood may flow around and past the hollow fibers. Due toconcentration gradients, oxygen may diffuse through the microporoushollow fibers into the blood while carbon dioxide may diffuse into thehollow fibers and out of the blood. In some embodiments, the hollowfibers are made of polypropylene, polyester, or any other suitablepolymer or plastic material. According to various embodiments, thehollow fibers have an outer diameter of about 0.38 millimeters.According to other embodiments, the microporous hollow fibers having adiameter of between about 0.2 and 1.0 millimeters, or more specifically,between about 0.25 and 0.5 millimeters. The hollow fibers may be woveninto mats that can range, for example, from about 80 to about 200millimeters in width. In some embodiments, the mats are in a criss-crossconfiguration.

As shown in FIG. 8, blood that enters the blood processing apparatus 10through the blood inlet 18 is radially directed through the coreaperture(s) 54 such that the blood flows over and around the hollowfibers within the heat exchanger element 74. At least some of the bloodflow impinges on the inner surface 72 of the cylindrical shell 62 and isradially directed back towards the outer surface 52 of the heatexchanger core 40. At least some of the blood flow is then directedradially outwards by the core ribs 56 and 58. The blood continuestraveling back and forth radially until it reaches the shell aperture(s)70 and enters a space between the cylindrical shell 62 and the housing12. In some embodiments, improved heat transfer may be achieved bycombining radial and longitudinal flow through the heat exchangerelement 74. The blood exiting the shell aperture(s) 70 flows over andaround the gas exchanger element 76 and eventually exits the bloodprocessing apparatus 10 through the blood outlet 20.

FIG. 8 is a cross-sectional view of the blood processing apparatus 10,illustrating the relative orientation of the elements previouslydiscussed. As shown, the heat exchanger core is centrally located, withthe heat exchanger element 74 coaxially disposed about the heatexchanger core 40. The cylindrical shell 62 is coaxially disposed aboutthe heat exchanger element 74, followed sequentially by the gasexchanger element 76 and the housing 12. In some embodiments, the heatexchanger core 40 may have core ribs 56 and 58 that are configured toimpart a radial component to blood flow trajectory across the heatexchanger element 74. In some embodiments, the cylindrical shell 62 mayhave one or more radially disposed shell ribs 80 that are configured toimpart a radial component to blood flow trajectory across the heatexchanger element 74.

FIG. 9 is a cross-sectional view of a blood processing apparatus 90 inaccordance with an embodiment of the invention. The blood processingapparatus 90 is similar to the blood processing apparatus 10, butincludes a modified gas exchanger portion. In some embodiments, an innersurface of the housing 12 includes one or more housing ribs 92 that areconfigured to impart a radial component to blood flow trajectory throughand across the gas exchanger element 76. In some embodiments, an outersurface of the cylindrical shell 62 includes one or more outer shellribs 94 that are configured to impart a radial component to blood flowtrajectory through and across the gas exchanger element 76. In someembodiments, improved gas transfer may be achieved by combining radialand longitudinal flow through the gas exchanger element 76.

In some embodiments, the ribs such as the core ribs 56 and 58, the shellribs 80 and/or the housing ribs 92 may extend about 10 to about 70percent of the distance between a surface from which they extend to anopposing surface. In some embodiments, the ribs may extend about 25 toabout 50 percent of the aforementioned distance. To illustrate, the coreribs 56 and 58 may extend about 10 to about 70 percent, or about 25 toabout 50 percent, of a distance between the heat exchanger core 40 andthe cylindrical shell 62. In some embodiments, the ribs may form anangle with the surface from which they extend that is in the range ofabout 30 to about 90 degrees. In some embodiments, the ribs may form anangle of about 45 to about 60 degrees. In some embodiments, the ribs mayhave a height that is in the range of about 0.2 millimeters to about 3millimeters and a width that is in the range of about 0.5 millimeters toabout 10 millimeters.

FIG. 10 is a cross-sectional view of a blood processing apparatus 100 inaccordance with an embodiment of the invention. The blood processingapparatus 100 is similar to those discussed above, but blood flowthrough the heat exchanger has a spiral component. The blood processingapparatus 100 has a heat exchanger core 102 that includes one or morecore apertures 104. Blood passes through the one or more core apertures104 and enters a heat exchanger element 106 that as discussed above mayinclude a number of hollow fibers. Blood exits the heat exchangerelement 106 through one or more shell apertures 108 and then passeslongitudinally through a gas exchanger element 112 before exitingthrough the blood outlet 20.

As shown in FIG. 10 that the core apertures 104 and the shell apertures108 are longitudinally spaced apart such that blood entering the heatexchanger element 106 passes the length of the heat exchanger element106 before exiting into the gas exchanger element 112. The coreapertures 104 and the shell apertures 108 are radially spaced apart fromone another. As schematically shown in FIG. 11, for example, the coreapertures 104 may be spaced about 180 degrees apart from each other. Theshell apertures 108 may also be spaced about 180 degrees apart from eachother, and moreover may be radially displaced from the core apertures104 by about 180 degrees. As a result, blood passing through the heatexchanger element 106 undergoes a spiral flow path through and aroundthe hollow fibers within the heat exchanger element 106.

Various modifications and additions can be made to the exemplaryembodiments discussed without departing from the scope of the presentinvention. For example, while the embodiments described above refer toparticular features, the scope of this invention also includesembodiments having different combinations of features and embodimentsthat do not include all of the above described features.

The following is claimed:
 1. A blood processing apparatus comprising: ahousing having a blood inlet and a blood outlet, the blood inletextending into an interior of the housing; a heat exchanger corearranged within the housing, the heat exchanger core having one or morecore ribs protruding from an outer surface of the heat exchanger core; ashell extending around the heat exchanger core and defining a firstspace between the outer surface of the heat exchanger core and an innersurface of the shell, the shell having one or more shell ribs protrudingfrom the inner surface of the shell toward the heat exchanger core; heatexchanger hollow fibers disposed in the first space between the heatexchanger core and the shell such that a heat exchanger fluid may flowthrough the heat exchanger hollow fibers and blood passing through thefirst space may flow across the heat exchanger hollow fibers; and gasexchanger hollow fibers disposed around the shell such that gas may flowthrough the gas exchanger hollow fibers and blood passing from the shellaperture may flow across the gas exchanger hollow fibers; wherein theone or more core ribs and the one or more shell ribs are each configuredto radially deflect blood flow such that blood passing from the bloodinlet and along the outer surface of the heat exchanger core is radiallydeflected by the one or more core ribs through the heat exchanger hollowfibers toward the inner surface of the shell and at least some of theblood is radially deflected by the one or more shell ribs back towardthe outer surface of the heat exchanger core.
 2. The blood processingapparatus of claim 1, wherein the heat exchanger core includes one ormore longitudinal core ribs configured to promote longitudinal flow ofblood down the outer surface of the heat exchanger core.
 3. The bloodprocessing apparatus of claim 1, wherein the shell includes one or morelongitudinally disposed shell ribs extending from the inner surface ofthe shell toward the heat exchanger core to promote longitudinal bloodflow along the inner surface of the shell.
 4. The blood processingapparatus of claim 1, wherein the housing includes an inner surface uponwhich one or more housing ribs are disposed, the one or more housingribs configured to impart a radial component to blood flow trajectoryacross the gas exchanger hollow fibers.
 5. The blood processingapparatus of claim 1, wherein the shell includes one or more shellapertures disposed near a second end of the housing such that bloodpassing back and forth radially through the first space between the heatexchanger core and the shell flows through the one or more shellapertures into a second space between the shell and the housing.
 6. Theblood processing apparatus of claim 5, wherein the heat exchanger coreincludes a core aperture disposed near a first end of the housing. 7.The blood processing apparatus of claim 6, wherein the heat exchangercore includes a conical deflection surface disposed between the bloodinlet and the core aperture, the conical deflection surface imparting aradial component to blood flow trajectory leaving the core aperture. 8.The blood processing apparatus of claim 7, wherein the conicaldeflection surface includes a divider that assists in directing blood inparticular directions.
 9. The blood processing apparatus of claim 6,wherein the core aperture comprises a pair of core apertures disposedabout 180 degrees apart, and the shell aperture comprises a pair ofshell apertures that are disposed about 180 degrees apart and radiallyoffset from the pair of core apertures in order to alter blood flowtrajectory of the blood flowing across the heat exchanger hollow fibers.10. The blood processing apparatus of claim 1, further comprising afirst end cap secured to the housing, the blood inlet being integrallyformed with the first end cap.
 11. The blood processing apparatus ofclaim 10, further comprising a gas inlet integrally formed with thefirst end cap, the gas inlet in fluid communication with an interior ofthe gas exchanger hollow fibers.
 12. The blood processing apparatus ofclaim 10, further comprising a second end cap secured to the housing,the second end cap including a heat exchanger fluid inlet integrallyformed with the second end cap and a heat exchanger fluid outletintegrally formed with the second end cap, the heat exchanger fluidinlet and outlet each in fluid communication with an interior of theheat exchanger hollow fibers.
 13. A blood processing apparatuscomprising: a housing having a blood inlet and a blood outlet, the bloodinlet extending into an interior of the housing; a heat exchanger corearranged within the housing and having a core aperture in fluidcommunication with the blood inlet and an outer surface of the heatexchanger core; a shell extending around the heat exchanger core anddefining a first space between the outer surface of the heat exchangercore and an inner surface of the shell, the shell having at least oneshell aperture disposed near a second end of the housing such that bloodpassing from the core aperture may flow through the first space to theshell aperture imparting a longitudinal blood flow component to theblood; heat exchanger hollow fibers disposed around the heat exchangercore in the first space such that a heat exchanger fluid may flowthrough the heat exchanger hollow fibers and blood passing through thefirst space may flow across the heat exchanger hollow fibers; gasexchanger hollow fibers disposed around the shell such that gas may flowthrough the gas exchanger hollow fibers and blood passing from the shellaperture may flow across the gas exchanger hollow fibers; wherein atleast one of the heat exchanger core and the shell include at least oneprotrusion extending into the first space, the at least one protrusionconfigured to impart a radial flow component to the blood to deflect theblood toward the outer surface of the heat exchanger core from the innersurface of the shell and/or toward the inner surface of the shell fromthe outer surface of the heat exchanger core as the blood passes fromthe core aperture to the shell aperture.
 14. The blood processingapparatus of claim 13, wherein the at least one protrusion includes oneor more radially disposed core ribs protruding from the outer surface ofthe heat exchanger core toward the shell.
 15. The blood processingapparatus of claim 13, wherein the at least one protrusion includes oneor more circumferential shell ribs protruding from the inner surface ofthe shell toward the heat exchanger core.
 16. The blood processingapparatus of claim 13, wherein the heat exchanger core includes one ormore longitudinal core ribs configured to promote longitudinal flow ofblood down the outer surface of the heat exchanger core.
 17. The bloodprocessing apparatus of claim 13, wherein the shell includes one or morelongitudinally disposed shell ribs extending from the inner surface ofthe shell toward the heat exchanger core to promote longitudinal bloodflow along the inner surface of the shell.
 18. The blood processingapparatus of claim 13, further comprising a second space between anouter surface of the shell and an inner surface of the housing, whereinat least one of the housing and the shell includes at least one ribextending into the second space, the at least one rib configured toimpart a radial flow component to the blood to deflect the blood towardthe outer surface of the shell from the inner surface of the housingand/or toward the inner surface of the housing from the outer surface ofthe shell as the blood passes through the second space.
 19. A bloodprocessing apparatus comprising: a housing having a first end, a secondend opposite the first end, a blood inlet and a blood outlet, the bloodinlet extending into an interior of the housing; a heat exchanger corearranged within the housing and having and an outer surface; a shellextending around the heat exchanger core and defining a first spacebetween the outer surface of the heat exchanger core and an innersurface of the shell, and a second space between an outer surface of theshell and an inner surface of the housing; heat exchanger hollow fibersdisposed around the heat exchanger core in the first space such that aheat exchanger fluid may flow through the heat exchanger hollow fibersand blood passing through the first space may flow across the heatexchanger hollow fibers; gas exchanger hollow fibers disposed around theshell in the second space such that gas may flow through the gasexchanger hollow fibers and blood may flow across the gas exchangerhollow fibers; wherein at least one of the heat exchanger core and theshell includes at least one rib extending into the first space, the atleast one rib configured to impart a radial flow component to the bloodto deflect the blood toward the outer surface of the heat exchanger corefrom the inner surface of the shell and/or toward the inner surface ofthe shell from the outer surface of the heat exchanger core as the bloodpasses through the first space.
 20. The blood processing apparatus ofclaim 19, wherein at least one of the housing and the shell includes atleast one rib extending into the second space, the at least one ribconfigured to impart a radial flow component to the blood to deflect theblood toward the outer surface of the shell from the inner surface ofthe housing and/or toward the inner surface of the housing from theouter surface of the shell as the blood passes through the second space.